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内照形躯而修白骨观

时间:2011-02-27 17:05来源:新浪博客《白鹤观音》 作者:徐足之 点击:
两三千年前,佛陀用解剖分析方法,教弟子们观察这个身体,利根者观察到这个身体不足留恋,立即放下,当下解脱身见、我见。但当时佛的许多弟子仍然不懂,佛就叫他们亲自到尸陀林(乱尸岗),到死尸堆里观察研究。我们今天修行,绝大多数人没有条件去医院看解
  

    两三千年前,佛陀用解剖分析方法,教弟子们观察这个身体,利根者观察到这个身体不足留恋,立即放下,当下解脱身见、我见。但当时佛的许多弟子仍然不懂,佛就叫他们亲自到尸陀林(乱尸岗),到死尸堆里观察研究。我们今天修行,绝大多数人没有条件去医院看解剖。初观时期,很难观清楚自己的形骸骨骼。怎么办呢?这时可用“嫁接法”,先观摩各种形态的白骨观图,观熟悉了,然后试着嫁接到自己身上,行住坐卧都如此观。
    当代极力主张修行人修白骨观的是南怀瑾老师。我个人的理解,两种修行人应该把白骨观当做必修课,一种是男性修行人,一种是在家修行人。二类人群有交叉。修行光靠“用心”是不够的,发狠心,常立志,往往抵不过自身的物理和生理力量。比如普通人做手术,要想不因疼痛而影响手术,极少数人可仿效关公刮骨疗毒,多数人还是用麻醉药把肉身制服住才稳当。修白骨观也是这个道理。因为一味发狠心破我执我见,一厢情愿发狠心戒欲望,单纯靠念佛或靠吃药治病,结果总是原地踏步。
    南怀瑾老师1980年代就讲过这个话:“我叫了好几年,你们好好研究白骨观,这里面就有‘补法’在里头。可是叫归叫,没有人信,怎奈众生不上船。你不上船,有什么办法!”他说:“据我个人所了解的,各家的修法,最厉害也最有效果的,是佛家的‘白骨观’和‘不净观’,实际上这就是‘内照形躯’。”都摄六根,把我们的眼耳鼻舌身意等隔离开,反求诸己,内省自己。精神不向外放射,用观音法门,即是返观自性。内照形躯,是内视之道,内视不一定指身体以内,而是无内外之间的“内”。
    最近看南怀瑾老师的《我说<参同契>》和《南怀瑾与彼得·圣吉——关于禅、生命和认知的对话》,发现南怀瑾老师提到白骨观的地方很多。呼吁修行人修白骨观,南怀瑾老师从上个世纪八十年代呼吁到现在。我从这里面悟到一点信息:不听老人言,吃亏在眼前。南怀瑾老师谈白骨观可能很早开始,但仅从手头书里看到,老人家八十多岁在呼吁,到九十多岁还在呼吁,可见白骨观非同寻常。
    南怀瑾老师的美国弟子彼得·圣吉也修白骨观,也观舍利子,也用观音法门,也用观心法门。以前身体有痛,现在不大痛了。圣吉向南怀瑾老师报告说:“特别是白骨观,有些心得。数次作白骨观,把头拿了下来,风可以吹过骨架,有一次把骨架吹成灰尘,这个境界持续了四分钟。”
    南怀瑾老师对此很肯定:修白骨观,配合安般,最后白骨化空,圣吉的经验是对的。无论是修白骨观,或是安般法门,达到止息以后,身体的变化次序是:一、没有痛苦;二、舒服;三、身体没有了;四、自身发光明。安那般那和白骨观最后一个目的,要认识到空。身体感受没有了,知觉仍然存在,可这知觉很清净,没有妄想了,整个是空灵境界。这个空灵,身体没有障碍,没有苦,没有乐,后来舒服也没有,最后化成空。空里有光明。人在这个境界里定久了,身体就会起变化。
    用佛家说法,人的身体有五大:地、水、火、风、空。人的五脏六腑和骨骼都是地,浮在水上,人体百分之七十是水,也是温度。包含这些东西的是气体,这气体是宁静的,还是物质,动了就是风。人体向两侧张开双臂,形成的一圈空间,就是虚空,这里头有光,现代科学可以照相出来。这就是地水火风空五大。人体的地水火风每一样都自己会放光,所以修白骨观到最后,要你观想白骨流光,其实白骨自己会发光的。
    南怀瑾老师说:“能把脑中的气放掉了,头都空掉了,什么智慧都起来了。真正的问题是在上面,不是在下面。下面的问题是假的,都是由上面来的。佛陀教的白骨观的修法,就有观想把头骨切掉,倒转过来放进腹腔的空间中。如果你能观得起来,什么高血压之类的,就都没了。”他说:“假定一个人修养的功夫够,能够安静下来,一闭眼,内部的情形能看得见的话,就可以祛病延年。至少用自己的精神意志治疗自己的身体,就非常容易了。”他说:“普通人对内在的气脉不会了解,所以必须要做到“内照形躯”,可以照见自己内部才行。”他说:“佛家修白骨观的,真修到了以后,他对内部经脉的流行看得很清楚,不用眼睛,只要一体会就清楚,晓得哪一部分不对,哪个地方有阻碍了。”
    南怀瑾老师还用卦象理论解释白骨观的道理:至阳赫赫,发乎地者,这个时候你是内外一片光明。“至阳”怎么“发乎地”呢?从“下德”修起,身心气脉打通了,气住脉停充实了。“所以我常常告诉本院出家的同学们,释迦牟尼佛高明,教修白骨观,从脚趾头观起,就是这个道理。佛不给你们说穿了,要你们自己懂得。”(2011年1月25日)

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